Abstract Background and objective During the past few years, an increased number of postpartum hemorrhages have been noticed, even in high-income countries. It has been suggested that this escalation could be associated with increased obstetric interventions. Among such interventions, anesthesia is one of the most prevalent. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of peripartum anesthesia on total blood loss during the 24 hours after delivery. Methods We performed a complementary analysis from a prospective cohort study that evaluated postpartum bleeding within 24 hours after birth. The study was performed between February 1st, 2015 and March 31st, 2016 at the Women’s Hospital at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. Postpartum bleeding was measured using a calibrated drape and summing the blood contained in the compresses and pads used for 24 hours. We calculated means, percentages, and standard deviation and performed Mann-Whitney analysis for the relation of anesthesia with Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) and logistic regression for drugs used in the anesthesia with PPH, using SAS 9.4 software. Results We included 270 women in the study; of these, 168 received anesthesia for delivery and almost 50% of them had spinal and epidural anesthesia. The mean blood loss within 24 hours after delivery did not show differences between those who did and those who did not receive obstetrical anesthesia (579.0 ± 361.6 vs. 556.6 ± 360.6; p = 0.57). Logistic regression showed that anesthesia, the type of anesthesia, and the drug used did not influence the PPH above 500 mL and above 1000 mL within 2 hours (p > 0.05). Conclusion Anesthesia did not influence postpartum bleeding after vaginal delivery.

Abstract Objective Assess patients submitted to elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, and the efficacy of different doses of fentanyl associated with bupivacaine. Methods The study included 124 pregnant women randomly distributed into 4 groups (n = 31) according to different doses of fentanyl (15 µg, 10 µg, 7.5 µg), Groups I, II, and III, respectively, and control group IV, associated with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg). An epidural catheter was inserted in case epidural top-up was required. We assessed the anesthetic blockage characteristics, negative maternal and neonatal outcomes, and maternal side effects. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests. The level of significance was 5% (p< 0.05). Results The quality of analgesia, time for the first complaint of pain and motor block recovery time were significantly better for groups that received fentanyl in comparison to controls (p< 0.001). None of the groups had negative maternal-fetal outcomes. Nausea was significantly more frequent in patients in Groups II (10 µg) and III (7.5 µg) when compared to Groups I (15 µg) and IV (no fentanyl). Vomiting was more frequent in Group III than in Group I (p= 0.006). The incidence of pruritus was significantly higher in the groups receiving fentanyl (p= 0.012). Conclusions Among the solutions studied, the spinal anesthesia technique using 15 µg of fentanyl associated with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine provided satisfactory analgesia and very low incidence of adverse effects for patients submitted to cesarean section. Trial Registration Number UTN U1111-1199-0285. REBEC RBR-5XWT6T.

Resumo O insulinoma é um tumor neuroendócrino funcional de células beta das ilhotas de Langerhans pancreáticas, geralmente solitários, benignos, curáveis com cirurgia (enucleação). Raramente ocorre durante a gravidez e se manifesta clinicamente por hipoglicemia, principalmente no primeiro trimestre da gravidez. Durante a gestação as condutas terapêuticas conservadoras (medicamentosas) e o tratamento cirúrgico constituem desafios tendo em vista a impossibilidade de estudos sobre teratogenicidade de fármacos, assim como as repercussões materno-fetais durante intervenções cirúrgicas, como a hipoglicemia e alterações decorrentes do estresse. Relato de caso: Paciente com 33 anos, 86 Kg, 1,62m, IMC 32,7 kg.m-2, primigesta, 15 semanas de idade gestacional, estado físico III da ASA, investigada por rebaixamento do nível de consciência. Aos exames laboratoriais constataram-se: hipoglicemia (45 mg.dL-1) associada à hiperinsulinemia (24 nUI.mL-1) e hemoglobina glicosilada (4,1%); demais exames laboratoriais e exame físico normais. A ressonância magnética mostrou nódulo de 1,1 cm em cauda de pâncreas com hipótese de insulinoma. Devido ao difícil controle glicêmico com infusão em bolus e contínua de glicose, foi feita laparotomia para enucleação do tumor sob anestesia venosa total associada a bloqueio peridural. Monitoração, acesso venoso central e periférico, cateterização de artéria radial, diurese, glicosimetria a cada 15 minutos. No intraoperatório, observou-se hipoglicemia acentuada nos momentos de manipulação e imediatamente antes da enucleação do tumor, controlada com infusão contínua de solução cristaloide balanceada glicosada a 10% (100 a 230 ml.h-1). A evolução no pós-operatório seguiu sem intercorrências, com resolução dos quadros de hipoglicemia e retirada total da infusão venosa de glicose.

Abstract Insulinoma is a functional neuroendocrine tumor derived from beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, usually solitary, benign, and curable with surgery (enucleation). It rarely occurs during pregnancy and is clinically manifested by hypoglycemia, particularly in the first trimester of pregnancy. During pregnancy, both conservative therapeutic measures (medication) and surgical treatment are challenging regarding the impossibility of studies on drug teratogenicity as well as the maternal-fetal repercussions during surgery, such as hypoglycemia and changes due to stress. Case report: A 33-year primiparous woman, 86 kg, 1.62 m, BMI 32.7 kg·m-2, at 15 weeks’ gestation, physical status ASA III, investigated for a reduced level of consciousness. Laboratory tests showed: hypoglycemia (45 mg.dL-1) associated with hyperinsulinemia (24 nUI.mL-1), glycosylated hemoglobin (4.1%); other laboratory findings and physical examination were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 1.1 cm nodule in the pancreatic tail with suspected insulinoma. Due to the difficult glycemic control with bolus and continuous infusion of glucose, laparotomy was performed for tumor enucleation under total intravenous anesthesia combined with epidural block. Monitoring, central and peripheral venous access, radial artery catheterization, diuresis, and glucosimetry were recorded every 15 minutes. Intraoperatively, there was severe hypoglycemia while handling the tumor and shortly before its enucleation, which was controlled through continuous infusion of 10% glucose balanced crystalloid solution (100-230 mL.h-1). The patient's postoperative evolution was uneventful, with resolution of hypoglycemia and total withdrawal of glucose intravenous infusion.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O levantamento dos dados teve por objetivo identificar as técnicas anestésicas, suas dificuldades e complicações em pacientes com IMC > 30 kg.m-2 submetidas à cesariana. Este levantamento de dados justifica-se por embasar o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos e condutas mais adequadas a essa população de gestantes. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de levantamento de dados e complicações anestésicas em pacientes obesas, maiores de 18 anos, submetidas à cesariana no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2006. As variáreis avaliadas foram: idade, peso, altura, IMC, estado físico (ASA), técnicas anestésicas, dificuldades na palpação e punção, complicações hemodinâmicas (sangramento e hipotensão) e complicações anestésicas. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 315 fichas anestésicas. A média de idade foi de 29,1 anos, o IMC médio foi de 39,25 e a maioria das pacientes foi classificada como ASA II (63,2%). A técnica anestésica mais utilizada foi raquianestesia. Em 47 procedimentos, havia descrição de dificuldade de punção e, em 31 casos, dificuldade de palpação. CONCLUSÕES: As dificuldades técnicas encontradas foram mais acentuadas em pacientes de classes mais elevadas de obesidade, assim como hipotensão, sangramento e tempo cirúrgico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of the data gathering was to indentify anesthetic techniques, and their difficulties and complications in patients with BMI > 30 kg.m-2 undergoing cesarean sections. The study intends to support the development of new protocols and more adequate conducts for this population of pregnant women. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of data and anesthetic complications in obese patients older than 18 years of age who underwent cesarean sections from January 2004 to December 2006; variables investigated included: age, weight, height, BMI, physical status (ASA), anesthetic techniques, difficulties in palpation and puncturing, hemodynamic complications (bleeding and hypotension), and anesthetic complications. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifteen anesthetic forms were evaluated. Mean age was 29.1 years, mean BMI 39.25, and the majority of patients was classified as ASA II (63.2%). Spinal anesthesia charts used more often, difficulty to puncture was reported in 47 procedures, and difficulty to palpate was reported in 31 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Technical difficulties as well as hypotension, bleeding, and surgical time were more frequent in patients with higher degrees of obesity.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La investigación de los datos tuvo el objetivo de identificar las técnicas anestésicas, sus dificultades y complicaciones en pacientes con IMC > = 30 kg.m-2, sometidas a la cesárea. Esa investigación se justifica porque tiene como base el desarrollo de nuevos protocolos y de conductas más adecuadas para esa población de embarazadas. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de investigación de datos y complicaciones anestésicas en pacientes obesas, mayores de 18 años y sometidas a la cesárea durante el período de enero de 2004 a diciembre de 2006. Las variables evaluadas fueron: edad, peso, altura, IMC, estado físico (ASA), técnicas anestésicas, dificultades en la palpación y punción, complicaciones hemodinámicas (sangramiento e hipotensión) y complicaciones anestésicas. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 315 fichas anestésicas. El promedio de edad fue de 29,1 años, el IMC promedio fue de 39,25 y la mayoría de las pacientes se clasificaron como ASA II (63,2%). La técnica anestésica más utilizada fue la raquianestesia. En 47 procedimientos se registró la dificultad de punción y en 31 casos dificultad de palpación. CONCLUSIONES: Las dificultades técnicas encontradas fueron más profundas en pacientes con clase más alta de obesidad, como también hipotensión, sangramiento y tiempo de quirófano.

INTRODUÇÃO: O fator VII recombinante ativado (rFVIIa) é uma proteína produzida por engenharia genética, cuja estrutura é muito semelhante à do fator VII intrínseco ativado (FVII). Sua ação se baseia no conhecimento do mecanismo de coagulação in vivo agindo na ativação direta do fator X resultando em formação independente de trombina no local da lesão e contribuindo dessa forma para formação de coágulo estável de fibrina sem a ação dos fatores VIII e IX. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada ampla revisão da literatura com o objetivo de determinar os achados recentes relacionados ao uso de fator VII recombinante ativado em pacientes com sangramento severo. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que o uso de rFVIIa foi iniciado na década de 80 para profilaxia e tratamento de sangramento em pacientes com antecedente de hemofilia A ou B com inibidores de fator VIII e IX, deficiência de fator VII e trombastenia de Glanzmann refratários à reposição plaquetária. Em 1999 seu uso foi ampliado para outras situações clínicas e dessa forma, começaram a ser publicados diversos trabalhos mostrando a eficácia do rFVIIa como agente pró-hemostático em paciente com outras coagulopatias ou pacientes previamente hígidos com história de sangramento agudo de grande monta. Trauma é a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo sendo sangramento incontrolado o principal desafio no atendimento a estes pacientes. É comum a associação de trauma com coagulopatia, necessitando em algumas situações de terapia específica para o tratamento da mesma. Neste momento a terapia adjuvante com rFVIIa deve ser considerada. Outras causas comuns de sangramento são as operações cardíacas e ginecológicas/ obstétricas e doenças envolvendo o fígado. A coagulopatia nesses casos ocorre por deficiência dos fatores dependentes de vitamina K, sendo o FVII o com menor meia-vida. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de rFVIIa tem sido sugerido como opção terapêutica promissora para esses pacientes. Dessa forma, o recente aumento do uso de rFVIIa em situações ainda não aprovadas levou ao crescente questionamento sobre eficácia e segurança desta específica medicação em tais situações.

INTRODUCTION: Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a protein produced by genetic engineering, the structure is very similar to the structure of intrinsic activated factor VII (FVII). Its action is based on knowledge of the coagulation mechanism in vivo by acting in direct activation of factor X independent resulting in formation of thrombin at the injury site and thereby contributing to the formation of stable fibrin clots without the action of factor VIII and factor IX. METHODS: Was conducted extensive review of the literature in order to determine the new findings related to the use of recombinant activated factor VII in patients with severe bleeding. RESULTS: It was found that the use of rFVIIa started in the 80's for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding in patients with a history of hemophilia A or B with inhibitors to factor VIII and IX, factor VII deficiency and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia refractory to replacement platelet. In 1999 its use was expanded to other clinical situations and thus began to be published several studies showing the efficacy of rFVIIa as a pro-hemostatic agent in patients with bleeding disorders or other previously healthy patients with a history of acute bleeding of major consequence. Trauma is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and uncontrolled bleeding the main challenge in caring for these patients. It is common for the association of trauma with coagulopathy, requiring in some cases specific therapy to treat it. At this point in adjuvant therapy with rFVIIa should be considered. Other common causes of bleeding are the heart, gynecologic/obstetric surgeries and diseases involving the liver. The coagulopathy in these cases is deficiency of factors dependent on vitamin K, and the FVII factor with smaller half life. CONCLUSION: The use of rFVIIa has been suggested as a promising therapeutic option for these patients. Thus, the recent increase in the use of rFVIIa in situations not approved has led to growing questions about efficacy and safety of this specific medication in such situations.

INTRODUÇÃO: Laparoscopias experimentais datam do início do século XX, mas somente a partir de 1960 é que começaram a ser experimentadas em humanos. Em 1985, na Alemanha, foi realizada a primeira colecistectomia e desde então a técnica teve grande divulgação e aceitação. O pneumoperitônio tem impacto em vários sistemas e tal deve ser considerado por ocasião da anestesia. OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão bibliográfica das alterações fisiológicas de interesse para o anestesiologista durante a cirurgia digestiva videolaparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica em livros de anestesia disponíveis na biblioteca da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNICAMP e em artigos de interesse publicados a partir de 1990 no endereço eletrônico PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ usando-se os descritores: anestesia, cirurgia, laparoscopia. Vinte e seis artigos foram revisados e um capítulo de livro. CONCLUSÕES: A cirurgia digestiva laparoscópica foi grande avanço em razão do menor impacto pós-operatório com diminuição da dor pós-operatória, alta hospitalar e retorno às atividades laborativas precoces. Entretanto suas particularidades não devem ser negligenciadas e cuidados particulares devem ser tomados pelo anestesiologista em indivíduos hipovolêmicos e cardiopatas. A capnometria durante a intervenção é imperativa.

INTRODUCTION: Experimental laparoscopy surgeries date of the beginning of the XX century but only in 1960 they started to be tried in humans. In 1985, in Germany, the first colecistectomy was carried through and since then the technique had large spreading and acceptance. The pneumoperitonium has impact in many systems and such must be considered during the anesthesia. AIM: To carry out a literature review of the physiological changes of interest for the anesthesiologist during the videolaparoscopy. METHODS: Bibliographical research was done in available anesthesia textbooks in the library in the Faculty of Medicine of the State University of Campinas and published articles of interest beginning on 1990 in PubMed electronic address http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed using the following headings: anesthesia, surgery, laparoscopy. Twenty six articles and a book chapter had been reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy has advantages related to reduction in postoperative pain, early hospital discharge and labor activities. Nevertheless, particular care should be taken by the anesthesiologist in hipovolemic patients and those with cardiovascular diseases. The use of capnometry is imperative.